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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can lead to the development of organisms over time. This includes the creation of new species and the transformation of the appearance of existing species. This is evident in numerous examples such as the stickleback fish species that can thrive in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for specific host plants. These typically reversible traits are not able to explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans. Evolution by Natural Selection The development of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for centuries. The best-established explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection, which is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more effectively than those less well adapted. Over time, the population of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually forms a new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person’s genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating viable, fertile offspring. This can be accomplished via sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in equilibrium. If, for example the dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and live longer than the recessive allele The dominant allele is more prevalent in a population. But if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. The process is self reinforcing, which means that an organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive feature. The greater an organism's fitness as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it will produce. Individuals with favorable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will eventually make up the majority of the population over time. Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which claims that animals acquire traits by use or inactivity. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The length difference between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long that it can not breed with other giraffes. Evolution by Genetic Drift In genetic drift, the alleles of a gene could attain different frequencies within a population by chance events. At some point, one will reach fixation (become so widespread that it can no longer be removed by natural selection), while other alleles will fall to lower frequencies. This can lead to dominance in extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to a minimum. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a group. A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when the survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or a mass hunting event are confined to an area of a limited size. The survivors are likely to be homozygous for the dominant allele meaning that they all share the same phenotype and will therefore have the same fitness traits. This situation might be caused by a war, an earthquake or even a disease. Whatever 에볼루션카지노 , the genetically distinct population that remains is susceptible to genetic drift. simply click the following site , Lewens and Ariew define drift as a departure from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins who are both genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other continues to reproduce. This kind of drift could play a crucial role in the evolution of an organism. But, it's not the only way to develop. Natural selection is the most common alternative, where mutations and migration keep phenotypic diversity within a population. Stephens claims that there is a vast difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as an actual cause or force, and treating other causes like selection mutation and migration as forces and causes. He claims that a causal-process model of drift allows us to separate it from other forces and this differentiation is crucial. He further argues that drift is both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size. Evolution through Lamarckism In high school, students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829). His theory of evolution is generally known as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms by the inherited characteristics that are a result of the organism's natural actions usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is usually illustrated with an image of a giraffe stretching its neck longer to reach the higher branches in the trees. This would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who then get taller. Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. In his opinion living things had evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but he is widely seen as giving the subject his first comprehensive and comprehensive analysis. The most popular story is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and that the two theories fought out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists now refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection. Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the notion that acquired characters could be passed on to future generations. However, this notion was never a key element of any of their theories on evolution. This is due in part to the fact that it was never validated scientifically. It's been over 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics, there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability of acquired traits. It is sometimes referred to as “neo-Lamarckism” or more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution by adaptation One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a fight for survival. This view is inaccurate and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for survival is more precisely described as a fight to survive within a specific environment, which can involve not only other organisms but also the physical environment itself. Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physical structure like feathers or fur. Or it can be a trait of behavior that allows you to move to the shade during the heat, or moving out to avoid the cold at night. The ability of an organism to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments is essential to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be capable of reproducing itself at an optimal rate within its niche. These factors, along with mutation and gene flow can result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies could result in the development of new traits and eventually new species. Many of the features that we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to protect themselves and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physiological adaptations, like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to search for friends or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. It is also important to remember that a insufficient planning does not cause an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a decision can render it ineffective despite the fact that it appears to be logical or even necessary.